Lilit Israelyan Essays - Philosophy, Ancient Greek Philosophy

Lilit Israelyan Prof. Tevanyan RS 361 15 September 17 Euthyphro The book revolves around the discussion about the true meaning of piety or the manner of living that human beings should adopt to fulfill their responsibility to God and humanity. The literar y work is built around a philosophical dilemma. The work is in the f or m of a dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro. Both the characters meet at the Athenian court. Euthyphro and Socrates are the main characters of the dialogue that are discussing the ethical dilemma. Socrates is charged with the crime to corrupt the youth and Euthyphro has indicted his father to mistakenly kill a laborer who killed another person. T he answer to the question "what is piety?" is of utmost importance for Socrates as he will be charged with impiety in the court. In order to solve his dilemma , he asked the question to Euthyphro . The dilemma is that the good is loved by the God because it is good or it is good because God s ays it is good . Euthyphro gave a number of quick answers to the question but upon inquiry , it was revealed that none of the answer s w ere satisfactory and each had some flaws. One of the answer s given by Euthyphro was that anything that is dear to God is pious. Here the issue arises that is anything dear to one God or all of the Gods is pious? Then the next statement was that piety is anything that is dear to all of the Gods. In this case , if murder is considered as a crime that is condemned by all the Gods then the motive and the circumstances may change the statement again. Then Socrates also asked him if the people who are pious are also just. Euthyphro answered yes. The statement was again flawed as there are many pious people who are not just. After all the answers Socrates identified that none of the answer s w ere completely satisfactory and could not fully solve the dilemma. After the whole discussion was complete Socrates again asked Euthyphro that he still does not understand what piety is. The dialogue between the main characters of the book closes at the end without any concrete answer to the question. Socrates asked Euthyphro to further explore the answer to the dilemma. Euthyphro ' s theories and arguments were capable to explain the quality of piety but the very nature of pious was still questionable. One cannot find the exact answer to the dilemma from the dialogue as it ends without any specific conclusion. The dialogue aims to identify that the true purpose of philosophy is not to give the right answers for the dilemmas but to question the already given answers and statements generally believed by the world. Socrates was accused of spreading the false concepts and ideas among the youth that corrupts them. The dialogue presented two contrasting views about the religion. One opinion was held by Euthyphro. He believed in the supernatural power of God and stories about their activities. The other belief was that of Socrates who questioned the stories and other religious concepts. He did not literally believe the tales about their activities. The dialo g ue aims to raise questions about the true nature of piety. Socrates believed that religion and moral values were completely linked and it is not dependent on the op in ions of humanity. Socrates disapproved the beliefs of sophists like Euthyphro who considered that morality was linked with the wishes of the people who developed them in the past. It is generally accepted that every individual has the right to think as he or she pleases but the problem arises when someone tries to forcefully persuade others to accept his concepts or doctrines. Based on this supposition Socrates cannot be accused of any crime as he does not claim that his ideas are perfect and everyone should strictly believe them. He just acts as an inquirer and forces people to think about their life and its complexities. The dialogue also i dentifies that the definition of piety is not that simple as claimed by

Denial of Death essays

Denial of Death essays One of the major focuses of Don DeLillios White Noise is death. In this novel DeLillio over emphasizes the concept of death and the fear mankind has of it. He plays on our fear of death and the reality and certainty we have of our own demise. Through two of his main characters, Jack and Babette, DeLillio demonstrates this fear irrationally. Their phobia of death causes both characters to develop plots to avoid and deny their own deaths. All plots tend to move deathward(p26). This is very ironic logic that DeLillio has Jack use in his discussion with the department heads. Jack plotted to create an image for himself. Jacks whole personification is one that is larger than life, therefore larger than death. After all he walks the campus in a dark, flowing robe and wearing large dark glasses. He is known as J.A.K. Gladney, the originator of Hitler studies, a role in which he can hide from life. This is a concept most individuals are guilty of. We create a public image, a personification, of who we want the world to believe we are. Though not grand as Jacks our personifications allows us to hide our deepest fears and to create a shield between the world and us. In his professional life Jack is able to disguise himself from death. This superficial personification does not shield him from deaths watch at home. He and Babette enjoy a marriage that allows them to talk openly and intimately about everything, except death; their deepest fear. Who will die first. This is a question that comes up from time to time.(p15) Neither character wants to be the last to die. To die first would be easier. To die last would be to die alone. To die alone is the ultimate betrayal. Abandoned by the one you love, whether it is because they preceded you in death or for other reasons is probably the most devastating experience any human being could imagine. This is one o ...

DDT Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

DDT - Article Example However, due to high prevalence and mortality rate associated with malaria, I suggest review of the policy governing the use of DDT and the insecticide be reintroduced to prevent high malaria outbreak in African continent. To make this decision, it is important to have toxicological data on the effects of the insecticide on human health and the environment. Concerns about toxicity of DDT on human health are based on the storage of the compound and its metabolites in the human body fat, the occurrence of DDT residues and its radicals in human milk, the potential of causing cancer in addition to fears of interfering with hormones in the body (WHO, 2007). From these concerns, it is important to have toxicological data regarding its effects on various physiological processes in the body. These include effects on respiratory, reproductive and circulatory systems among others. Currently, toxicological data on DDT indicates that exposure to high concentration of the insecticide within half an hour does not cause permanent health effects (CDC, 2010). In addition, the insecticide has low order of severe toxicity when inhaled (CDC, 2010). ATSDR (2002) lists the four phases of disposition of toxic compound in assessment of its toxicity. Absorption of a compound into the body is the first phase, followed by its distribution in the body in the second stage. The third phase entails metabolism or the breakdown of the compound in the body and finally secretion of the chemicals from the body is the fourth and final phase (ATSDR, 2002). DDT enters the body through contact of the chemical with skin and the mouth when swallowed. WHO (2007) notes that the insecticide has marginal severe toxicity on dermal contact but is extremely poisonous when taken orally. The first phase of absorption involves the movement of molecules across membranes.

Trust and Power within Business Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trust and Power within Business Network - Essay Example It is critical and strategic issue which needs to be dealt very carefully, this element of trust is vital in all kinds of relationships whether it is within the business or with the external stakeholders. It is very hard to make this trust however one mistake can hurt the reputation very badly and create serious consequences for the future of the business. Power is the acquisition of assets and its control which gives dominance to a party over the other. It is to have the control and ability to influence the decision of the other party. Power has its own benefits and draw backs within a business network. Too much or less of it has its own effects. However it has been seen that where there is trust there is less likelihood of power causing any harm to the social or business network (Group H.R., 2000). When we talk about long term success of the business then this success is dependent on the development of positive networks in the industry. Business networks are an opportunity for the owners of the business and the team of employees to improve themselves continuously. They are a collection of companies linked through agreements for business purposes who work together to get over all benefits for the members in doing so they need to make business dealings and work together and invest and divest money Thinking Made Easy, p21, 2009). A company in the business network tends to learn from one another's mistakes and successes and based on that they derive solutions to their own problems. Apart from the business perspective networking helps in social activities and events. It leads to strong bonds and close relationships with the business partner which is good for the business in the long term (Daft, p110, 2001). The relationship must be enduring and permanent in nature. Trust is by all means the most critical and significant factor in enhancing the relationship and strengthening it. This development of trust comes with the passage of time and honesty in business. It may take a long time period to develop but once it is lost one can end up loosing the chances of success of further business with any particular group or team. Countries all around the world have realized the importance of business networking and the role of relationship building, trust and power within a network. Therefore they have been working on this, such as the Australian has developed a Business Network Program (BNP) for the promotion of networks in Australia. The government has granted $24 million for this in order to increase the competitiveness and growth of SMEs (Australian Government business Initiative, 2009). Trust is a valuable asset for a business and leads to competitive advantage over the rival businesses. Where there is trust then more people would like to work with you. It will lead to increased sales, profits and turnover for the business. Trust gives more power to the business and enhances its market position. Trust facilitates the learning process within a network and moderates the effects of power and makes a positive continuation to the network as a whole. In times of global crises a lot of firms are going through losses but in order to counter the current state of the economy businesses do not stop their production. They operate on debt basis and they are able to get the raw

Sosial antropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Sosial antropology - Essay Example Clubs are often formed by the hooligans; and the members meet together for the purpose of planning the hooliganism. Some of the aspects looked at are the treatment of the sport of football by the fans and hooligans, the history of sports and supporters and finally, the sociology of the culture, not just of the sport players, but the supporters themselves. One of the dismaying outcomes of hooliganism is the physical trauma and sometimes death to other supporters. Along with the studies of supporter intensity, other studies on control of unruly behavior by the mob and how to control it were also reviewed and analyzed to complete this study of hooliganism in the sport of football. Some believed in using violence to stop the hooliganism. While others believed prevention was better method. The prevention or reduction methods are discussed and analyzed and finally a possible solution is selected best on the more successful method. In the study of human culture and development anthropology relies on theory to explain social evolution and the different social culture of a group of interacting humans. â€Å"Anthropology differs from sociology in that it relies more heavily on a historical and comparative technique.† 1 A subset of anthropology, called ethnography focuses on writing descriptions about the national traditions and differences between ethnic groups. It’s usually written from an insider perspective, for example, the writer might for a time live with a certain group of people in order to study and understand their culture. Anthropology studies of football culture should include ethnology to better understand the reasons for hooliganism and the popularity of the game. Those studies of social anthropology of football culture primarily involve two aspects, popularity of the game of football; and how the popularity results in hooliganism in the name of national pride. Hence, the first part of the study details about the nature of pride and the religious fervor

Classroom Management And Discipline Plan Education Essay

Classroom Management And Discipline Plan Education Essay Students must understand the behaviors that are expected of them. The students will help the teacher make classroom rules the first few days of school. Each student will brainstorm and give a classroom rule that they would like to include. The student will give a rule or rules as the teacher list them on the board and the teacher would consolidate the rules to 4 or 5 basic classroom rules. This will give the students a sense of involvement and acceptance in the class if they help with the rules. The classroom rules help keep the rules simply and the students on task as well as helping the student succeed in the classroom. Be polite and kind The teacher will give an example for better understanding of the rule such as no name-calling and listen carefully when others are speaking. Respect others and yourself as well as their property. This is a general rule that all students need to understand. Return borrowed materials, do not write on desks, pick up litter, do not use other persons things without permission. Talk only with permission. Dont talk when others are talking. This rule is another general rule that must be explained such as when the teacher is giving instruction do not talk or interrupt. If you are in small group talk quietly in the group and do not disturb others. Obey all school rules. This is an important rule that helps with general school rules such as no talking or running in the hallway. It also suggests to the students that they must abide by all school rules. REWARDS AND CONSEQUENCES Maintaining good student behavior requires good communication, monitoring and consequences. Young children are more likely to follow a rule just by the teacher asking but motivation is a good way to maintain appropriate behaviors. Sometimes a deterrent is needed to avoid negative behaviors of students. REWARDS Positive feedback is a great motivation for most students. Explain what is expected of the students. Positive verbal praise such as good job, way to go, great idea. Positive written comments on papers such as stickers with sayings such as great job, star student, etc. Reward improvement Recognition by giving awards or certificates. Display student work Material incentives after earning certain number of points such as pencils, stickers, erasers, other materials Extra recess time for good work or group cooperation. CONSEQUENCES Rely on corrective feedback for struggling students Communicate dissatifiacation with student behavior Demerit System is totaled daily and weekly (Start over daily) 1st violation warning 2nd violation student will have extra written work such as writing spelling words 5 times. 3rd violation loss of privileges 4th violation referral to principal/note sent home to parents Student grades will be affected, such as reductions of grades for late, missing or incomplete assignments. 4. If the student bring items to school that are not allowed that item or items would be confiscated. Starting School First few days of school, learning names of the students, teaching and sending messages. The first few days are a very important time especially for classroom management. There are several ways the teacher can prepare the students for management. Students will feel more comfortable in the classroom if the learn other student names in the classroom and students realize that everyone has similarities and differences. The main goal of the school year is to obtain student cooperation with following the rules and learning the rules and successfully completing classroom assignments. If the students feel comfortable and welcome in the classroom they are more likely to listen and respect the teacher and other students in the classroom. Below is a list of procedures to be used for the beginning of the classroom activities. Play a game that will help introduce each other to the classroom. Such as introduce myself to the classroom and tell a little something about myself to the classroom. Then let students introduce him or her and tell something special about themselves. What are my expectations? Introduce my love of music and explain the different activities that the student will be involved in during the school year? What is the grading system? Keep it simply. Help students with uncertainties and make them feel comfortable enough to ask questions, etc. Let the student know that I am available for them, being visible, monitoring the classroom and letting them know the class can have fun and still learn without disrupting others. B) Starting School First Day Activities Greet students Welcome students and have nametags on each desk so the student will know where they are sitting. Introduction Brief introduction of myself Use a game to let students introduce themselves. Have work sheets or other activities for students to complete after introductions. Room description Describe class schedule such as classroom time, lunchtime, recess, etc. Set a positive tone. Teach procedures, as they are needed and step-by-step instructions. Content Activities Give whole group instruction to the classroom. Plan activities so students can succeed. Have extra activities for students who finish early. Time fillers Be prepared for the unexpected Have ideas ready for the classroom such as handouts, work sheets, word puzzles, coloring pages. Administrative activities Complete list of students for the roll book, give out school handbooks and other paperwork for the students/parents to complete and return to school. Have textbooks, texts, and forms for the students Materials or supplies checklist for each student Available conference times and contact information Special information Closing activities Set aside a few minutes before the end of the day and go over with the students before they leave a brief review of the day activities and discuss with the students what they have learned, found difficult, and liked about the day. Comment on students good work and good behavior to reinforce expectations and keep the tone position. C) Daily Schedule times, procedures A list of daily activities will be posted in the classroom as well as weekly activities for the students to know what is expected. Schedule will include: Reading This will include language arts, writing skills Bathroom break Math This will include math work sheets and work with manipulatives Lunch/Bathroom break Library /computer lab/art or music Social studies Science Time to clean up, get backpack ready Time to leave D) Within class and weekly schedule times for specific activities Since some activities will change within the daily schedule such as library, computer lab, art and music it is important to highlight activities that will change. Special activities such as group activities with the school and different groups or clubs that will have special events for the students will also be a change for the classroom. School pictures, field trips as well as other activities will change your schedule. The daily schedule as a teacher will have to be flexible and ready for the unexpected. E) Procedures and routines for critical times and activities Beginning day, periods Each day briefly review major materials and focal points from the previous day. Ending day, periods Make sure that each student understand what they are expected to learn form the material and give the students time to ask questions. Transitions within day, within class The class will follow the teacher cues and learn routines for changing into whole group and small group instructions. The classroom will also become familiar with centers and time for transitions for lunch, library and other activities. Planning times Planning times will occur before and after school. In the afternoon to prepare for the next day such as making sure materials that are needed for the lessons are available. Materials locations, distribution and collection. The teacher will have shelves for books, cabinets/drawers for large materials such as paper, crafts, math manipulatives, etc. Each student will have their own materials that are left at their desk such as pencils, paper, erasers, crayons or markers, individual dry eraser boards, etc. The teacher will also have a center that has extra pencils, crayons, scissors and other materials that would be needed in the classroom. Collection of schoolwork would depend on the activity or assignment such as individual or group work. Individual work would be collected and graded as well as group work as appropriate. Attendances, tardiness , make -up work, etc. The teacher will keep a roll book of student and take attendance daily, tardiness will also be noted . If a student is absent then the student will complete their schoolwork within 3 days after their return or as determined by school policy. If students are absence for extended periods such as serious injury or illness or surgery for example then the teacher would work with the student and his or her parents on a case by case basic or as determined by school policy, etc. F) Student accountability systems Supervision and monitoring The teacher will walk around the room as necessary for supervision and monitoring of schoolwork. The students will be spaced out for testing such as spelling, reading, science and social studies tests. In-class work Class work will be turned in daily and graded by the teacher or with older students they will self-grade some of their daily work Homework When introducing new skills to the students or the students need extra practice then homework will be sent home to help with further understanding. Returning papers Homework and other papers will be returned daily or the next school day. Papers will be graded daily and returned to the student so they will know what areas they are doing well in and also the areas that they need to work on. Communicating grades Homework and other graded papers will be sent home daily for the parents to be aware of the students progress. Each Monday the teacher will send home progress reports with each subject listed and the grade for each subject for the parent to sign and return weekly so the parents are aware of the students progress. Quizzes, other assessments Quizzes will be given to make sure the students are learning a new skill or skills that is introduced. Other assessments that will be used to grade students activities such as science projects or experiments and students can work together in groups. Other hands -on activities may include reading maps or work globes, etc. G) Structuring instruction Notebooks Notebooks will be used to keep activities and daily homework. Each day the student will place their notebooks in their desks and keep paperwork in them. For older students, notebooks will be kept for paperwork, materials and other paperwork for each subject. Folders Individual students folders will be keep and will also be put in their backpack and took home each day with daily work, homework and other paperwork. Other systems for instructional activities Weekly schedule and weekly newsletter will be sent home each Monday that lists each subject and the skills that will be taught for the week as well as any weekly reminders of upcoming events. Filler activities Activities will be set up in small groups or centers needed for extra educational activities. Education games will be used for the centers such as word games, reading activities, matching games, math games, etc. Giving instructions steps, posting etc. Each activities will be given specific instructions such as verbal or written instructions. H) Dealing with discipline problems in the classroom As a teacher there are many ways for classroom disruptions that are beyond our control such as intercom announcements and other classroom disruptions. In order to maintain appropriate behavior it is best to teach desirable responses regarding classroom interruptions. Reinforcing desirable behaviors When a student is behaving appropriately let the student be aware of the good behavior. For example, by stating, I really like the way James or Sally is sitting quietly and listening. I like the way Molly is raising her hand before asking a question. I am happy to see John, Amy and Matt standing in line quietly in the hallway. Praising good behavior helps others want to do the right behavior. Techniques for dealing with minor disruptions If minor disruptions occur the first approach would be to response to the student by the following procedures: Ignore Eye Contact Move closer in proximity Gesture or shoulder touch Questioning Techniques for dealing with chronic misbehaviors Dealing with chronic misbehaviors would include using some form of accountability by using a tally or other system to keep up with misbehavior as follows: Warning Written work Additional schoolwork Lose of privileges Send to principal/Note to parents/guardian Referral to principal or other personnel Referral to principal or other personnel would result as a last resort such as student refusing to listen to the teacher or being a disruption to the whole class. If the student were not responding to any action that the teacher has tried or offered then the student would be sent to the principals office for consequence of his/her actions. Techniques for dealing with severe problems If a student is threatening others, fighting or bringing inappropriate items into the classroom that the school has determined dangerous or illegal then I would follow school policy in regards to inappropriate behaviors. Student actions may result in the students being placed in school detention, expelled for a few days or in extreme cases expelled for the school year. Desists and desisting If a student has numerous issues regarding inappropriate behaviors and nothing seems to work to deter a negative behavior and the student still desists then it may be necessary to remove the student from the classroom and place the student in detention. Sending a written letter home to the parent or guardian to explain the student actions/behaviors. NOTE: Select the least intrusive strategy to gain students compliance. Avoid lecturing/nagging. Parent communication Communication systems- letters, notes, calls One of the easiest ways a teacher can communicate with a parent or parents is to send home weekly progress reports and weekly classroom newsletters with identified areas or skills to learn for the week. Another good way to communicate is through the school website. E-mail is also a great way to communicate but not all families especially in rural areas have Internet access. The teacher can also provide contact numbers or contact hours for parents to communicate with them. Conferences Parent teacher conferences are a great way to get to know the parent and the type of family that the student comes from. Understanding a students background will help understand their styles of learning and what works best for each individual student. Involvement Teachers can also involve parents in school activities or invite parent if they have the time and opportunity to volunteer for a day in the classroom. Most parents like to stay involved even if they are unable to volunteer and another way for them to be involved is to donate materials, money or other things needed for the school or classroom. Dealing with moods, changes in weather, illness, etc. There are different situations that will affect the school day. Changes in moods are often related to weather. Some children do better when it is a sunny day versus a rainy or snowy day. Another distraction for children regarding the weather is a forecast of snow and the anticipation of a snow day. Sometimes illness of a child affects the classroom schedule. A child may not be sick when they arrive at school but during the day may develop a fever or sudden illness such as stomach virus or other illness. If this occurs, the teacher would refer the student to the school nurse to contact the parent or guardian to pick the student up from school. Modification of activities for specific times There are certain times that modification of class schedule will occur such as field trips, student assemblies, school fire drills, tornado drills, pep rallies or other activities. The teacher will adjust the class schedule and be flexible and prepared for any situation. Preparation and procedures for substitute teachers As a teacher I would have lesson plans for each week that would list daily schedule and list subject areas for each day/week. If the teacher is planning on being absent then materials, textbooks, paperwork and other materials would be listed and given to the substitute teacher in advance if the teacher has made plans to be absent. In other cases, if the teacher is ill or has other emergencies then the substitute would follow the lesson plans and use material that are in the classroom to help teach the class. K) Management of various instructional formats Whole group instruction As a teacher I would complete whole group instruction by explaining to the classroom the activity or subject they will be completing. Whole group instruction for younger children learning to read would be completed with the students gathered in a semi circle on the floor the teacher would start with echo reading to help the students with fluency, comprehension and reading with expression. Another example of whole group instruction in the subject are of math the teacher would use math manipulatives to show fractions using blocks representing how many triangle in a rectangle. Small group activities (and reading groups for elementary) Small group activities would include different activities set up for the students to learn computer skills, math games, and reading. Small groups of reading for elementary students will also allow the teacher to assess the students in the small group reading fluency and comprehension as well as phonics being able to sound out letters and words. Other formats particularly appropriate to the grade level or subject matter. Setting up simple science experiments for younger children to let them explore and complete hands-on activities seem to help motivate children to learn about science and their environment. In older students the students would be able to have a science lab or science workshop to perform experiments to create their own hypothesis.

Computer Rage :: Essays Papers

Computer Rage In today’s world, computers are becoming more relevant than ever before. With this comes hardtack. Anyone who uses computers must experience some sort of frustration at some time. There is really no way around it. This may include all or some of the error messages, unanticipated results because of the software, or having a computer just freeze up for no apparent reason. Since anyone who uses a computer can experience these problems, there comes a price - immense frustration. This frustration can turn into anger, which in turn becomes rage. Whether it is acted rage or built up rage, it must some how be vented. Either way this becomes cumbersome to the user, so much that this becomes computer rage. The reason why people may become upset at their computer is due to lack of patience. This is why reactions to computer problems can be more extreme than with other tools they may use. People today just don't have the patience for anything. Since people are starting to spend more time in front of computers than doing physical research, the blame for frustration must be put on something. This something just happens to be the computer. For this reason, I believe that computer problems make people angrier than with other tools. For instance, there is an art to being a mechanic. A mechanic must posses some level of patience. If the person using the computer does not posses patience, they will flip out in a rage of fury. This kind of action cannot happen in a place of business. It's bad for the other employees, not to mention the customers. You would not let a certain shop work on your vehicle if you seen a mechanic cursing and swearing, Would you? For this reason you must posses some patience. To overcome this, you should just walk away calmly and take a deep breath. Do something else to take you mind of the present problem at hand. When you feel calmed downed and more relaxed, go back to the computer with a different mindset. Usually, this will solve your problem. When you come back to your computer, you may see things in a totally different light and your problem will be cured. You may see something that you didn't see before and it was right in front of you. Computer Rage :: Essays Papers Computer Rage In today’s world, computers are becoming more relevant than ever before. With this comes hardtack. Anyone who uses computers must experience some sort of frustration at some time. There is really no way around it. This may include all or some of the error messages, unanticipated results because of the software, or having a computer just freeze up for no apparent reason. Since anyone who uses a computer can experience these problems, there comes a price - immense frustration. This frustration can turn into anger, which in turn becomes rage. Whether it is acted rage or built up rage, it must some how be vented. Either way this becomes cumbersome to the user, so much that this becomes computer rage. The reason why people may become upset at their computer is due to lack of patience. This is why reactions to computer problems can be more extreme than with other tools they may use. People today just don't have the patience for anything. Since people are starting to spend more time in front of computers than doing physical research, the blame for frustration must be put on something. This something just happens to be the computer. For this reason, I believe that computer problems make people angrier than with other tools. For instance, there is an art to being a mechanic. A mechanic must posses some level of patience. If the person using the computer does not posses patience, they will flip out in a rage of fury. This kind of action cannot happen in a place of business. It's bad for the other employees, not to mention the customers. You would not let a certain shop work on your vehicle if you seen a mechanic cursing and swearing, Would you? For this reason you must posses some patience. To overcome this, you should just walk away calmly and take a deep breath. Do something else to take you mind of the present problem at hand. When you feel calmed downed and more relaxed, go back to the computer with a different mindset. Usually, this will solve your problem. When you come back to your computer, you may see things in a totally different light and your problem will be cured. You may see something that you didn't see before and it was right in front of you.

Origins of the Modern world

Robert B. Marks', The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative is a useful tool for exploring the new concepts in the History of the World and make the scholars visualize the global world from the new perspective.   Mark gives an amiable account of the Industrial revolution and its direct effects on the trade networks and International trade between 1400 to 1850, along with that he connects each element between nations involved in world trade. Marks end his history book with the events of 2001.From the beginning only Marks makes the readers understand the elements of a non-Eurocentric study and â€Å"polycentric† world –view on the major trends in the world trade. Robert B. Marks who was popular as an environmental historian of China, enlightens the historians and students of history on the development that took place between 1400 and 1900 in the modern world's and about the important traits.   In 1400, the world especially the most advanced so cieties across the Eurasian continent was predominated by two basic economic structures: the one is the â€Å"biological old regime,† i.e. the agriculture was dependent on the organic sources of energy with the sun's yearly supply, and other are the trading networks.The most advanced societies of the Eurasian continent including China and England were running their economy on the similar ecological constraints of the biological old regime.   He said that,   â€Å"During those 1100 years [650 – 1750], the Indian Ocean was arguably the single most important crossroads of trade and generator of merchant wealth in the world†. 1     In the period of just 200 years where on one hand Asians dominate the trade regime, and now these are the Western countries and Japan who are leaders in the game of economics.FOOTNOTES1.     Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 49  Ã‚  When The Europe introduced t he Armed Trade, it had incredible impact on the Asian traders also   who endeavored to purchase their own cannons and guns. In fact Acheh built his own navy to block the Portuguese trade and capture their ships and arms. In 1500, Acheh imported several large and well-made guns from Ottomon Empire, not only to defend themselves from the Portuguese but also to post threaten Malacca. â€Å" Portuguese armed trading may have altered much in the Indian Ocean, but dar-al-Islam continued to limit what Europeans could and could not do in the world.†It was in 1500 that the first time concept of Globalization became materialized when,   â€Å"Two new links drew the entire globe into a single world for the first time.† Then by 1700, England had a government that, in the words of one British historian, ‘was prepared to subordinate all foreign policy to economic ends.†3.In the year 1775, Asia was the maximum producer of goods in the world, â€Å"Asia produced about 80% of everything in the world, probably an increase from 1500. In other words, though Asians constituted two-thirds of the world’s population yet they produced four-fifths of the world’s goods and Europeans, constituted one-fifth of the world’s population, produced   one-fifth of the world’s goods and too share with Africans and Americans.   Asia thus had the most productive economies, which lasted three centuries after 1500.China, India, and other eastern areas had developed large empires at the center of the world, and along with the new economic system, competition and constant warfare had led to the establishment of several small European nation-states.FOOT NOTES1 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   PP. 632. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative, pp. 67.3. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological N arrative,   pp. 88.4. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 81The discovery of Silver helped Hapsburg to consolidate their empire in 1500 and to initiate the trade of the Europe with China. Between the years 1500 to 1800, around three-quarters of the silver from the New World wound up in China, which was known as â€Å"the  Ã‚   engine of the world's economy†.Industrial development because of the conjunction of European nations with development, mercantilist policies, and coal were responsible for the building of empires around 1800.   India around 1700 boasted of being the largest exporter of cotton textiles in the world.   It supplied textiles not only to England but also all over the world. Moreover the Southeast Asia, East and West Africa, the Middle East, and Europe too were the major export markets. â€Å"No wonder that the demand for Indian cotton in the eighteenth century was ‘greater than all the weavers in the country can manufacture’ and that India accounted for fully one quarter of the world manufacturing output in 1750,† 1 but the steam powered gun boats, guns and other weapons and production of cotton with the machines overpowered the economy of India and China and turned India into an importer of cotton goods.   â€Å"By 1900, India accounts for barely 2% of world manufacturing output, China about 7%, while Europe alone claims 60% and the United States 20%.† 2 and â€Å"It was as if the British had subjugated the Indian peninsula simply in order to use its resources against China.† 3     .The rapid Industrialization saw the diminishing use of the renewable (solar) sources of energy towards the mass reproduction of raw materials, which were solely dependent on the non- renewable sources of energy. The prior role that the economies played in the trades also radically lead to destruction and change in the environments. Robert B. Marks describes the world as the Industrially developed,  FOOTNOTES1 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 96-972 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 1233 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 117the nation states, characterized by interstate warfare, regional disparities relating to their economic position and the world which has escaped from the biological old regime.†He explained these changes taking into consideration the discovery of the New World and the comparability of the most advanced regions of China, India, and Europe. He also explained the reasons behind England’s success in able to escape from common ecological constraints facing these regions in century; and he cited the main reason behind the change in the today’s world due to the conjuncture of human and natural force s which became a most contributing factor in filling the gap between the industrialized and non-industrialized parts of the world.Though the book has established link between ancient world and us fruitfully but book did not focus on the roles played by African and American peoples in creating the modern world. It also did not present any information about the changes of intercontinental and international trade among African nations during this entire period. It is also not appropriately true that the people of the Americas before the Columbia engaged in very little manufacturing or international trade. Marks emphasized that the Americas after European conquest were the important raw material suppliers to the Asian and European manufacturing growth nations while engaging the biological ancient regime, but they lacked much evidential proof.  According to Mark this modern world emerges from the tension that was created between two forces, which came into being after 1400. These two f orces were the nation states and global capitalism.Marks also depend on three concepts to present history. First is contingency, shaped by contingent factors like discovery of America by Columbus's, which lead to the large quantity of silver available to Europe. Secondly, his dynamic narrative like the examples of climate and the location of certain grades of coal and thirdly is the conjuncture and with the continuous flow of historical process, creating situations that favor one outcome over another, he makes his position persuasive.WORKS CITED1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecological Narrative Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ringrose David (December 2004) Book Review Journal of World History Vol. 15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No. 4 Retrieved May 18, 2007 from W.W.W:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/15.4/br_1.html3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schleisgner-Watrous Mary (2004) Book Review: The Origins of the Modern  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   World: A Global and Ecological Narrative, World History Connected Retrieved  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   May 18, 2007 from W.W.W:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu/2.1/br_schlesinger.html4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Todd N. Edmund (2004) Book Review: The Origins of the Modern World: A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Global and Ecological Narrative, History Cooperative Vol. 9 No. 3 Retrieved May  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   18, 2007 from W.W.W: http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/9.3/br_1.html

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The Incas essays The Incas were South American Indian people who ruled one of the largest and richest empires in the Americas. The capital of the Incas was centered in Cusco, Peru. The Inca empire was conquered by Spanish forces soon after their arrival in 1532. The Inca were skilled in engineering and in crafts. They built a network of roads linking distant provinces of the empire, and their architecture is known for its great size and skillful construction. Overall Incas were very highly skilled people or professionals at heart. The Incas way of life was not like the Northern Americans way of life. The Incas may have been skilled in craftworks but they were not the most literate people around. They did not develop a writing system so until after the Spanish conquered them there were no written records about them. The Incas survived off of their farms. They did not have plows pulled by animals, in turn they had irrigation systems of their own they built. The main crops of the Inca were corn, potatoes, and oca. They used the corn to make chich, a type of beer. There were many different types of clothing styles for the Incas, it basically depended on what region you lived in. Some of the outfits consist of: alpacas, and llamas made of wool, cotton clothing, fine cloth and jewelry. Another different way of life of the Inca was that they lived in extended-families. The Incas back then were just like people now a days in ways too. Point being that they were determined by social rank. Religion back then was another way they were similar to todays society. They believed that their most important God, Viracocha created them. The Inca had no system of money. They normally would trade things to pay people, although the government controlled that. Other ways to get around other than their network of roads consisted of things such as suspension bridges that still are visible today. The government of the Inca were ruled b...

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